Travel Long Distances Essay Example for Free

Travel Long Distances Essay At whatever point we need to travel significant distances inside the nation we can go via train or via air in a plane. I recall my first train venture which I performed when I was just around four years of age. After that venture so long back, I have made a few excursions via train at the same time, that first excursion despite everything waits in my brain and considerations. We needed to go to Madras, where my dad needed to go to a Conference. Since we had not then observed Madras and our winter get-aways were falling during the dates of the Conference, it was concluded that we would all go with father and make an outing toward the South. With respect to visits to better places of the South I recollect close to nothing as, I was somewhat little yet the train venture is still extremely clear in my brain. There, at Madras, my dad needed to go to a Conference whose date was the eighteenth of December so; it was chosen to leave for Madras on the fifteenth. After a considerable delay, finally the fifteenth of December came and my fervor knew no limits. I would be going on my first since forever train venture, getting a charge out of an excursion and seeing new places. The train that we needed to pass by was known as the G.T. Express for example the Grand Trunk Express and we went to the station to board it. I think it was evening time when we loaded up the train. Inside we ate and afterward my folks and my senior sibling all rested. I was unable to get rest as, I was simply excessively energized. I recall that, I had taken a window with the goal that I could see the fun outside at the same time, tsk-tsk. No sooner that we had completed supper, it was dull and nothing was obvious from the window. It was uniquely at the stops at the stations, I would peep out and see the surge and life on the stage. Seeing the stations for now and again, I at long last rested. At the point when I woke up toward the beginning of the day following an agreeable rest around evening time, I was completely excited to look outside. The region the train was presently crossing delineated an exceptionally lovely cross area of land structures and greenery, plants and towns. Gracious, what an all encompassing wonder everything was. At the point when the train traversed distinctive land frames, the sounds it made were heard changing once in a while profound snorts, once in a while a smooth stream and at different occasions only a crash here and crash there. At the point when the train traversed connects on fields of water, the sound was of murmuring. This mixture of sounds made by the development of the train was a great encounter the various stretches of gigantic territories of land and water and various manors for a significant distance on end, demonstrated nature in its full structure and magnificence. As we went through town regions, I saw fields of rice, wheat, mustard and vegetables. Gracious what an awesome sight of the cross-segment of India. At the stations the train would stop and another scene of development would take over from nature, and when the train again began, the nature would again dominate. This covers up and looks for of scenes proceeded all through the excursion, and the music of landscape and water changing now and again was simply staggering. This fascinating scene proceeded for right around thirty six hours at the same time, trust me, I delighted in each moment of it. A manufactured home with all conveniences, a glance at nature and furthermore human progress was totally observed gotten together as one introduction bundle for me. The thirty six hours had quite recently flown by and we were at the Madras intersection. I can't overlook this first excursion via train considerably following eight years now and I do think about whether I ever will.

Psychological Conflicts In Literature(1) :: essays research papers

We as a whole encounter mental clashes, purposely or unconsciously. They include mental clashes among our considerations, feelings, and levelheaded reasoning. It might be the most hazardous clash of all because of the battleground where it happen in - our brain. There are numerous instances of mental clashes in the narratives we have perused. In "Leiningen Versus the Ants" via Carl Stephenson, Leiningen fought on his South American manor, yet in his psyche. He battled with the issue of fleeing and letting the ants assume control over his estate. He wasn't a loser and appreciates the psychological parts of things. Be that as it may, when the ants and the truth of death came, he needed to determine the contention whether to remain or escape. This was particularly obvious when he raced to the dam wheel. He could of fled at that point or kicked the bucket, however he decided to attempt to spare the manor and laborers. He was confronted with the contention living or, maybe the best mental clash, which he settled when he decided to hurry to the wheel. In "The Contents of the Dead Man's Pockets" by Jack Finney, Tom likewise confronted a mental clash. The story was for the most part centered around his physical clash, however close to the end he encountered mental clash. As with Leiningen, Tom confronted the decision to kick the bucket or to live, and he understood with that contention how much his better half intended to him. He conquered the contention when, as we read, the yellow paper flew out the window once more, yet he left to be with his significant other. In "Blues Ain't No Mockin'bird" by Toni Cade Bambara, Granny encountered a mental clash with her past treatment and her present clash with Smiley and Camera. She battled to break and perhaps really murder them or fall into despondency, yet she was fruitful in winning the contention.

Managing Social Anxiety Disorder at Work

Managing Social Anxiety Disorder at Work Social Anxiety Disorder Work and School Print Managing Social Anxiety Disorder at Work Social Anxiety Disorder Can Be a Real Issue in the Workplace By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on January 18, 2020 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Thomas Barwick/Stone/Getty Images Managing social anxiety disorder (SAD) at work involves recognizing the day-to-day impact of the disorder on your career and identifying solutions. Receiving a diagnosis and entering treatment is the first step toward managing your anxiety symptoms. Telling your employer may also help in that you may receive accommodations to help you better do your job. At the same time, people with SAD may face  specific problems in the workplace, including the inability to network effectively, fear of attending business social events, problems developing relationships with coworkers, lack of self-confidence, and difficulty speaking up in meetings. Bernardo Carducci, Ph.D., a psychology professor at Indiana University, head of the Shyness Research Institute, and author of Shyness: A Bold New Approach and The Pocket Guide to Making Successful Small Talk, argues that when shyness is properly managed, there is no limit to the achievement of shy people in the business world. Carducci points to the success of notably shy Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen, one of the world’s richest and most successful people, and also a shy person. While shyness is not the same as social anxiety disorder, ideas to help shy people adapt to the business world may also be useful for managing social anxiety in the workplaceâ€"particularly if you struggle with social skills. If you are in a competitive workplace and feel that your anxiety is interfering with your career advancement, or if you simply want to feel more comfortable in the workplace, it is worth investing  time in developing a comfort level with the social aspects of your work. Lets consider a number of these areas and how you might cope. Looking for Work If you are new to the workforce or looking for work after a long period of unemployment or time spent in the same job, the prospect of going on job interviews may be intimidating. Although job interviews can be more challenging for those with social anxiety disorder, proper preparation and use of coping strategies can help. For example, you could have a friend conduct a mock interview with you so that you get practice answering questions or engage in deep breathing to calm yourself about the entire process. Tips to Cope With Job Interview Anxiety Job Duties Some aspects of work itself can be challenging for those with social anxiety. For example, if you are in sales, you might find yourself needing to engage in  cold calling clients. You may need to give presentations or speeches as part of your role. It can feel doubly difficult to manage your anxiety when excellent social skills or the ability to perform under pressure are part of your job. However, if you choose a job that suits your interests and personalityâ€"anxiety is an issue that can be worked on. Social skills training (or even reading self-help books about social skills) or groups such as Toastmasters (for public speaking) might be good options to boost your performance at work. Coworkers Networking is an important part of being successful in your career. If you aren’t able to build relationships with the people that you work with, it will be much more difficult to advance at work. In addition, since you spend most of your waking hours at work, wouldn’t you like to have friends there? To become more comfortable with coworkers, constantly strive to expand your comfort zone. Engage in small talk with people whom you see throughout the day, such as in the lunchroom, in the elevator, or at the water cooler. Greet people with general comments or compliments and start brief conversations. Gradually, other people will see that you are the kind of person who is approachable and with whom conversation is easy. Its less important that you say the right thing, and more important that you just keep showing up and being present. People are generally more comfortable around others the more times that they see them. Spotlight Effect: Not Everyone Is Looking at You Speaking to Supervisors Speaking to your supervisor can be challenging if you live with social anxiety disorder. You might agonize over the smallest contact, such as needing to ask a question about your work or clarifying an issue. Unfortunately, avoiding your supervisor in this way can affect your job performance. If you find casually speaking with your supervisor anxiety provoking, see if you can make an appointment. Practice what you are going to say in advance so you have your ideas clear in your head (dont over-practice as this is a safety behavior and counter-productive). If you still find this hard, try communicating in a less threatening way, such as through e-mail. Or, always prepare a list of points when you go into a meeting. Your anxiety will be reduced because you can focus on your notes and you will also come across as more prepared. Finally, gradually work up to asking harder questions. Make a list of things you need to talk to your supervisor about, and then start with the one that feels least anxiety-provoking, such as asking for clarification on some aspect of your work. From there, you can work your way up to harder topics, such as asking for a raise or a promotion. Business Meetings If you feel uncomfortable in meetings, try arriving 10 to 15 minutes early so that you can meet people as they arrive. This is the opposite of what you probably  do now; you likely tend to show up late so that you don’t have to engage in small talk with others in the meeting. However, this will actually make you feel more isolated. During meetings, remember that others also may feel uncomfortable about speaking up. Likely about half the people in your meeting are also nervous about voicing their opinion. Usually, they will be relieved if you are the first to speak and will admire you for doing so. Finally, if you find your anxiety overwhelmingly uncomfortable during meetings, try examining the thoughts that you have while in a meeting. If you usually think, I am terrible in meetings. I always make a fool of myself, ask yourself whether that thought is helpful and realistic. Could you replace it with a more helpful thought? Try something like I am trying hard to do better in meetings or I think most people are okay with how I come across. Even if it feels uncomfortable at first, over time these positive affirmations will help to build your confidence. Tips for Coping With Anxiety in Work Meetings Business Social Functions Depending on your place of employment, there may a variety  of social functions that you are expected to attend: the company picnic, annual holiday party, retirement gatherings, business conferences, or business lunches. Make sure you have something to talk about on these occasions. Read the newspaper, visit an online news source, or read current magazines. In addition, avoid using alcohol to overcome your inhibitions. Often staying in a situation long enough will have the same effect on reducing your inhibitions as drinking alcohol. The next time you are at a social event, have flavored water instead and notice how your anxiety level decreases over time even when you are not drinking alcohol. A Word From Verywell If you continue to struggle with social anxiety at work, consider visiting a therapist who specializes in anxiety disorders. Social anxiety disorder is a mental illness that requires professional intervention for a full recovery.

Nernst Equation Calculate Cell Potential

Standard cell potentials are calculated in standard conditions. The temperature and pressure are at standard temperature and pressure and the concentrations are all 1 M aqueous solutions. In non-standard conditions, the Nernst equation is used to calculate cell potentials. It modifies the standard cell potential to account for temperature and concentrations of the reaction participants. This example problem shows how to use the Nernst equation to calculate a cell potential. Problem Find the cell potential of a galvanic cell based on the following reduction half-reactions at 25  °CCd2 2 e- → Cd  Ã‚  Ã‚  E0 -0.403 VPb2 2 e- → Pb  Ã‚  Ã‚  E0 -0.126 Vwhere [Cd2] 0.020 M and [Pb2] 0.200 M. Solution The first step is to determine the cell reaction and total cell potential.In order for the cell to be galvanic, E0cell 0.(Note: Review Galvanic Cell Example Problem for the method to find cell potential of a galvanic cell.)For this reaction to be galvanic, the cadmium reaction must be the oxidation reaction. Cd → Cd2 2 e- E0 0.403 VPb2 2 e- → Pb E0 -0.126 VThe total cell reaction is:Pb2(aq) Cd(s) → Cd2(aq) Pb(s)and E0cell 0.403 V -0.126 V 0.277 VThe Nernst equation is:Ecell E0cell - (RT/nF) x lnQwhereEcell is the cell potentialE0cell refers to standard cell potentialR is the gas constant (8.3145 J/mol ·K)T is the absolute temperaturen is the number of moles of electrons transferred by the cells reactionF is Faradays constant 96485.337 C/mol )Q is the reaction quotient, whereQ [C]c ·[D]d / [A]a ·[B]bwhere A, B, C, and D are chemical species; and a, b, c, and d are coefficients in the balanced equation:a A b B → c C d DIn this example, th e temperature is 25  °C or 300 K and 2 moles of electrons were transferred in the reaction.br/>RT/nF (8.3145 J/mol ·K)(300 K)/(2)(96485.337 C/mol)RT/nF 0.013 J/C 0.013 VThe only thing remaining is to find the reaction quotient, Q.Q [products]/[reactants](Note: For reaction quotient calculations, pure liquid and pure solid reactants or products are omitted.)Q [Cd2]/[Pb2]Q 0.020 M / 0.200 MQ 0.100Combine into the Nernst equation:Ecell E0cell - (RT/nF) x lnQEcell 0.277 V - 0.013 V x ln(0.100)Ecell 0.277 V - 0.013 V x -2.303Ecell 0.277 V 0.023 VEcell 0.300 V Answer The cell potential for the two reactions at 25  °C and [Cd2] 0.020 M and [Pb2] 0.200 M is 0.300 volts.

Using English for Communication by Thai Prostitutes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 260 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/16 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? The purposes of this study were to study English competency of the Thai prostitutes for communication with their customers, and to explore methods of Thai prostitutes in improving their language ability for communication with their customers. In depth, face-to-face qualitative interview were conducted with a convenience sample of 36 Thai prostitutes and 10 international tourists. The samples were randomly from the Thai prostitute’s famous night areas in Bangkok; Khaosan Road, Patpong, and Soi Nana. A semi-interview form was created as a research tool. This study was supplemented by additional analysis of existing secondary data sources including books, and online databases. The results indicated that the English competency of the informants is in the average level with successful communication purpose. The informants improve their English skills in real life working experience. Half of the informants are educated. They learned English skills from universities. Half of them are studying in higher education institutions. They work for money to pay for tuition fees, rents, and other needy expenses. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Using English for Communication by Thai Prostitutes" essay for you Create order The international tourists expressed that the informants are poor, and they had no other choices. However, it is a way to improve language skills. The limitation of this study focuses on the anxiety of the informants since working as prostitutes is still an illegal job in the Thai society. They thought that the researcher was a police officer which may effect the obtained information. The paper shows that the language skills are beneficial in communication. It creates better customers satisfaction which will lead to an increase of the opportunity to earn more income. By Thavorn Thitthongkam

Ledership Free Essays

What is leadership? According to Shockley- Zalabak (2009) Leadership is a process of guiding individuals, groups, and entire organization in establishing goals and sustaining action to support goals. What exactly is meant by leadership? There are literally hundreds of definitions about who a leader is and what is considered as leadership. Each definition may vary from one individual to another and may change from one situation to the other. We will write a custom essay sample on Ledership or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example we might call an individual a leader because of the persons’ election to the presidency of an institution. Other times we say he/she is not a leader because he/she does not exhibit leadership behaviors expected of the of a leader. In other words, we expected leadership from the legitimate position of the presidency, but when that president does not exhibit leadership behaviors, we say that the president is not a leader. According to Yukl, (2002). The definition of leadership is arbitrary and very subjective. Some definitions are more useful than others, but there is no â€Å"correct† definition. Leadership theories: Theories are most useful for influencing practice when they suggest new ways in which events and situations can be perceived. Fresh insight may be provided by focusing attention on possible interrelationship that the practice has failed to notice, which can be further explored and tested through empirical research. If the result is a better understanding of practice, the theory –practice gap is significantly reduced for those concerned. (Hughes and Bush, 1991, p. 234). The trait theory This theory first surfaced in the writings of early Greeks and Romans and is prevalent today among those who believe that leadership cannot be developed. This theory assumed that leaders has innate traits that made them effective, great leaders were considered to be born with the ability for leadership, so it is either you have leadership qualities or you don’t . According to Shockley – zalabak (2009) theory of leadership, that leaders possessed innate traits that made them effective; is commonly referred to as the â€Å"great man† theory Leadership traits theory is the idea that people are born with certain character trait or qualities and since traits are associated with proficient leadership, it assumes that if you could identify eople with the correct traits, you will be able to identify leaders and people with leadership potential. It is considered that we are born naturally with traits as part of our personality; this theory in summary believes that leaders are born not made Criticism Researches were done to define traits or personality characteristic that best predict the effective leader. List of about eig hty traits or characteristic were gotten but trait approach failed to define clearly a stable set of characteristic associated with effective leadership. Even the concept of what is effective remains open to question. This theory does not prove a comprehensive explanation to how leaders interact with followers and meet the needs of specific circumstances. While truly others can be born leaders, it is incorrect to generalize by saying that leadership traits are in born and unchangeable. It’s true many of our dispositions and tendencies are influenced by our personalities and the way we are born. However, most people recognized that it is possible for someone to change their character trait for the worse. Someone known for being honest can learn to be deceitful, the whole idea of saying someone was â€Å"corrupted† is based on the fact that people can learn bad traits. If people can learn character traits and become different from the way they were born naturally traits can be learnt as well. A person who is prone to being dishonest can learn to be honest. A person who avoids risks can learn to take risk. It may not be easy, but it can be done. STYLE APPROACHES Leadership style approach focuses its attention on the leaders’ behavior. Leadership style is the combination of traits, skills, and behaviors leaders use as they interact with followers: (Lussier, 2004) Though leadership style is based on leadership skills and leadership traits, leadership behaviors is the important component. This is said to be the third approach to leadership studies, a consistent pattern of behavior is what characterizes a leader. â€Å"In shifting the study of leadership to leaders’ s tyle or behaviors, the style approach expanded the study of leadership to various contexts† (North house, 2004). According to Shockley- Zalabak (2009) style approach or theories attempt to identify and arrange the general approaches leaders use to achieve goals. These approaches are thought to be based or a leader’s assumption about what motivates people to accomplish goals. This theory attempts to identify a range of general approaches leaders use to influence goal achievement. These approaches are theorized to be based on the leader’s assumption about what motivates people to accomplish goals. Particular approaches also reflect complex relationships among the personal characteristics of the leader. Top among the style theories is the autocratic-to-democratic continuum first proposed by Ralph while and Ronald Lippitt (1960). Autocratic style of leader is a leader who makes decisions with little influence from others Shockley- Zalabak (2009). The leader that exhibits this behavior makes the decisions, gives orders to employees, and is constantly supervising his subordinate. This leader tells others what to do and usually enforces sanctions against those who chose not to comply. He views his followers as essential for goal achievement but usually feels little responsibility for employee needs and relationship Shockley- zalabak (2009). Criticism Research suggests that autocratically led groups produce more in quantity than democratically led groups, but that the quality output is better when more democracy is practiced. Generally with autocratic styles the led are not happy so they just do as they are told not because they have the interest of the institution at heart or because they enjoy working. Democratic- Shockley-Zalabak (2009) states that this style of leaders is the one that involves followers in decision making. The leader that exhibits this behavior promotes shared decision, team work, and does not supervise his subordinates closely. He assumes followers are able to participate in decision making, they try to create a climate in which problem solving can take place while preserving interpersonal relationships. It is clear that these leadership styles are opposite’s end of a continuum. As such, it’s easy to think that a leader’s leadership style s follows between those ends. Criticism When a leader is democratic at times his other colleagues in leadership positions can look at him as a weakling and also the subordinates might take advantage and wants to be disrespectful. Laissez-faire style- Here the leader behaves as non-leader. Individuals and groups are expected to make their own decisions because of a hand-off approach from the leader. The laissez-faire leader is an example of non-leader. This leader expects groups and individuals to make their own decision. He gives information only when ask by group members. Criticism The success of the group depends greatly on the abilities of the group and groups members willingness to work with little or no leadership. If the groups members consist of people that need a push to do things they won’t be able to achieve much. Impoverished management- According to Shockley- Zalabak (2009) this style is characterized by low concern for interpersonal relationships and task accomplishment. This leader makes few attempts to influence people towards task or goals. He dislikes leadership responsibilities and lets others take the responsibility that rightfully belongs to the leader. This leader is usually uncomfortable with leadership and intellectually resists the need for it. Criticism These leaders may be primarily responsible for the failure of the group. Middle- of- the- road management- This is a style of leader who balances task and peoples’ concerns; commonly referred to as compromised leadership or management. The leader negotiates and compromises to achieve workable agreements and directions for action Country club management- This is a style of leaders who emphasizes interpersonal relationship at the expense of goal achievement the leader here wants to be liked and have group followers who feel supported by the leader. He provides an interpersonal relationship bond that is low on task emphasis and high in interpersonal support Criticism He may want a task accomplished but will not take steps to emphasize this element to others, if members are not highly task oriented; he ends up doing their work. Rather than insisting that the employees exhibit high standards of performance. These leaders may not develop the abilities of the people under them. Team leadership: This is the theoretical ideal: team leaders exhibit high concern for both task and interpersonal relationships by emphasizing goal accomplishment while supporting people, it fosters a sense of â€Å"we† with high performance standards. This leadership share decision making and strives for problem solving designed to solve rather than postpone problem, it respects different point of view and value diversity as long as it contributes to the group effort. Criticism Team members who support one another but do not have enough ability or information to work on problems will not be able to produce a high-quality decision. How to cite Ledership, Papers

Managing the Legal Environment

Question: Discuss about theManaging the Legal Environment. Answer: Legal Risk, Rules and Management Research Portfolio Research/Referencing Workshop The main task in the research/referencing workshop was identifying a large company in Australia and finding more information about the company. I identified Qantas Airlines limited as the largest company of my research. From my research, I discovered that Qantas Airlines limited has been a key element for the development of Australian and international aviation. It is presently among the top most domestic airlines of Australia and also a chief in the Asia-Pacific area. The airline unites Australia to 81 destinations in 40 other countries world over functions the wide domestic services both in Australia and New Zealand. From the research, the ABN for Qantas Airways Limited was found to be 16 009 661 901. Its registered address was: Qantas Airways Limited, Building A, 203 Coward Street, Mascot NSW 2020 Australia. I was able to find this and more legal information about the company from the internet at the companys website (qantas.com). Most of the information about Qantas Airlines limited is readily available in the companys website (qantas.com). Such information includes the board of directors and the companys annual reports. However, more information can be found from journals about the company. Some of these journals include the SWOT analysis reports from the company as well as the company profile reports. The journals also provide the key facts, history, business description, revenue analysis and the top competitors of the company (Qantas Airways Limited SWOT Analysis, 2013; Qantas Airways Limited, 2015). When undertaking my research, there was a lot of information about the company from the internet. The main problem that I faced when conducting my research was distinguishing the sources that were providing genuine information from those that were not. Some of the sources that I discovered with inappropriate information included blogs, interviews, forum postings as well as opinion pieces. Reflections on the Wembley Stadium Case Study Wembley Stadium Case Study features a contract that was not done as per the agreement between the parties. In the contract, Multiplex had agreed to be responsible in the construction of Wembley Stadium at the maximum amount of 356m. However, Multiplex bleached this contract since the project was overdue by 18 months which costed an additional excess of 900m. According to the construction company, death, dangers and damages that were not expected happened and this caused more uncertainty and delays (Contract Journal, 2006). Contracts are valid so long as all the features of a contract are available. In this case, neither of the two parties had reasons of acting against the contracts. When both parties realized that a problem had occurred, legal action was taken. The legal action against and by Multiplex principally involved Cleveland Bridge and MacDonald. In addition to other features within the contract, there was also a penalty clause of 14000/day. The issues that arose as a result of the contract breach included a grant of 120m in lottery funding for this purpose. Since the Stadium was not completed on time, a range of competitions and events had to be relocated to other venues within that year of 2006, this included the FA cup final. Multiplex Company has been in the construction industry for long and is known for litigations. Studies indicate that Multiplexs prospectus only had half-sentence references to Wembley. About 20 percent of rout in the securities price of multiplex was a large problem. Apart from the problem with the contract, Multiplex had other issues during the project. Multiplex had a problem with the steel contractor (Cleveland Bridge), Honeywell and other several organizations. In order for Multiplex to solve the problem with the steel company that had caused a lot of delays, Honeywell took over. This seemed to reduce business problems that had been projected and the risk of the project decreased. In addition, disputes were settled by more agreements. This way, contract breaches and lengthy legal contract issues were avoided and all parties became committed to work together. According to Arbouw (2005), Multiplex was to blame for the losses that occurred during the project. Legal risks lead to court cases that impart tough consequences that are agreed within contracts. Research indicates that Multiplex could have avoided the troubles it encountered during this project only if it used safeguard procedures. By safeguard procedures, the construction company could have created good relationships with other construction companies as well as stadiums so that if a crisis arose as it did, financial loses would have been shared (Jefferies, 2002, p.356). Analysis and Conclusions on BHP Billton, Seven Eleven and Bullying Case Studies The issue in the 7-Eleven case study is that workers were unfairly paid. An investigation by Four Corners and the Fairmax Media revealed that workers were being paid half the $24.50 per hour that one was supposed to be awarded legally. The 7-Eleven franchise stores in Australia would sometimes pay less than that half and anyone who complained would be threatened that they would be deported. This is lack of obligation case. The company should have been sued since it was acting against the anti-discrimination laws that protect third parties who violate the obligation as per the Australian laws. In the case study on bullying, abuse and trolling, Charlotte Dawson, a TV personality committed suicide because she lacked protection against assault. Social and public media have now become a place where people lack protection. Government should come up with policies that provide regulations in these types of environments so that people are protected. When dealing with third parties, organizations should ensure that some measures are put in place so that the party that causes harm to the other has some consequences to face. Organizations that engage on social and public media address areas of legal risk by ensuring that conversations between both parties are recorded to act as some form of evidence. These steps are appropriate to ensure that there is legal obligation. The BHP Balliton case study provides a good example of civil law of tort of the negligence type. It was the obligation of the design and construction company to ensure that the dams are well constructed to avoid such damages that occurred. In addition, when Instituto Pristino warned of the failure risks at the dam, the concerned party was obliged to act and eliminate the risk. However, ignorance led to the tort of negligence that can be dealt with in the courts of law. When BHP and Vale became partners, they were supposed to be responsible for the venture. This case shows governance failure by both companies. Reflections on Legal Risk, Rules and Management The first topic was an introduction to organizations legal environments. Here, there was a lot to learn such as the relevance of law to organization managers; the interaction between business, economics, politics, law, culture as well as global factors; the description of regulation, law, compliance, corporate social responsibility and risk management. The language in law can be daunting in the beginning. However, once it is understood and interacted with, it becomes familiar and gives the individuals dealing with it the confidence that they require. Whether the government should regulate the market remains a constant issue for both private and public sectors (Vickery and Flood, 2012). History shows that regulation is necessary and therefore rules such as the Privacy Act 1988 were formed. In Australia, there are several important legal institutions- the parliament is one of the most important legal institutions because it is responsible for making law; Courts are important because they help to interpret the law; tribunals have the obligation of resolving legal problems. Regulatory bodies as well as Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) like mediation and arbitration are important in Australian legal environment (Vickery and Flood, 2012). There are two sources of law in Australia, that is, parliament creates legislations while others that are created by judges in courts are referred to as common law. The two main methods used in resolving disputes include: use of the formal court system; and ADR which includes arbitration, mediation and conciliation. The second topic was all about corporate governance and ethics. There are several corporate structures that are acknowledged in the Australian legal environment. The unincorporated structures consist of the sole trader, partnerships, trusts and the unincorporated associations. Incorporated structures are made up of the Corporations incorporated under the Associations Incorporation Acts, Government Business Enterprises (affected by the Commonwealth Authorities and Companies Act 1997) and the Corporations incorporated under the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). Other business structures include joint ventures, aganciesand franchise (Vickery and Flood, 2012). Corporate governance describes the manner in which firms are managed. Some of the important principles in corporate governance include ASX corporate governance materials, OECD Principles and the AS 800-2003 Corporate Governance. In Australia, the registration of companies is administered by the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC). ASIC classifies companies according to the liability of its members (unlimited or limited); their status; and liability of its members (guarantee, shares or unlimited with share capital). Sources of company law include legislations, case law, accounting standards and the ASX Listing Rules (Vickery and Flood, 2012). Some of the bodies that are established under the ASIC Act include Takeovers Panel, corporations and Markets Advisory Committee, financial reporting council, Companies Auditors and Liquidators Disciplinary Board, Financial Reporting Panel and the Australian Accounting Standards Board. The third topic majorly dwelt on the management of legal environment. Here I learnt that it is important that managers make every effort to manage the risks within their organizations so that they can achieve the objectives therein. Organizations make engage in contracts almost in every agreement they make with other firms. A contract is defined as an agreement that has been made between legal persons where legal obligations are formed so that they are enforced by the law. The elements that are needed in a contract include the intention for creation of the legal relationship, acceptance and offer, content and terms (Vickery and Flood, 2012). Legal risks result when contracts are ended in a manner that is not right. In contract law, some conducts are not allowed, these are referred to as validity issues and they include: Unconscionable conduct, duress, misinterpretation, undue influence and mistakes. If a breach of contract occurs, the innocent party has the right of taking action against the party that failed to perform in their bargain part (Vickery and Flood, 2012). The innocent party requests for a remedy. Terminations and damages place the innocent party in positions they would have been in the absence of a bleach. Some of the other equitable remedies include rescission, specific performance and injunction and Valebat or Quantum Meruit. The fourth topic was on legal obligations, difference between civil and criminal laws and the consequences as a result of breaching the law. There is a broad range of groups to whom obligation is owed- politicians, friends and enemies, occupants, competitors, players, users, guests, audiences, advice seekers and road users. Civil law of tort consist of: law of assault and battery, law of defamation and the law of negligence. Criminal law applies if an individual injures, assaults or kills through reckless conduct. Criminal law ensures that there is a safe workplace for the public and all employees (Vickery and Flood, 2012). Competition law inhibits misleading and unconscionable conducts, inclusion of unfair terms and provision of poor quality goods. Lastly, anti-discrimination law protects people from being discriminated against because of gender, goods and services or employment. Annotated Bibliography Harlow, C. (2005). Understanding tort law. London: Sweet Maxwell. Fourth chapter: Facing Consequences, pages 61-76 text is relevant to the Wembley Stadium Case Study. This chapter presents the consequences that result when breach of duty occurs. Harlow argues that the claimant must show the damage that has been suffered. It is also important for damage to be foreseeable. The author points out that courts try to avoid making the defendant liable to the indeterminate individuals for indeterminate sums especially when economic losses are concerned. This chapter is important in the Wembley Stadium case study given that Multiplex Construction Company caused Wembley to experience large amounts of money during the project. McKendrick, E. Liu, Q. (2015). Contract Law: Australian Edition (pp. 1-560). Palgrave Macmillan. Chapter 20: Breach of Contract, page 418-429. This chapter in this textbook explains when a valid contract can be breached. Breaching a contract leads to an action for damages whether an innominate or warranty term occurs or when the term is broken. Because of the damage that results from the breach of a contract, it is important that contract breach is clearly understood. In the Wembley Stadium case study, this chapter will be essential to show whether the contract between the construction company and the stadium was binding and how the contract was bleached. Tomasic, R., Bottomley, S., McQueen, R. (2002). Corporations law in Australia. Leichhardt, NSW: Federation Press. Tomasic, Bottomley and McQueen explain the forms that explain in business associations. In the business environment, it is important that organizations are aware of the associations that are legally binding. Afterwards, the authors describe corporate and corporation law and its framework. The information in this book will provide a guideline towards the discovery of the type of association that was formed between Wembley Stadium and Multiplex Company. If the association was legal, the parties involved would be guided on what corporate laws require in such associations. Contract Journal, (2006). Multiplex investigates Wembley rafter fault. (cover story). Contract Journal, 432(6567), 1. This article provides information about the investigations that were carried out after a 50ton rafter from Wembley collapsed. This occurred after the UKs Multiplex Company had completed a construction project of the stadium. During the collapse, 3,500 workers were ordered to evacuate. A speculation indicated that a welding failure was the cause of the collapse. The information in this article is important in the case study as it would help determine whether the disputes were the cause of poor work by Multiplex. Pearman, R. (2006). Ex-Wembley chief in Multiplex swipe. (cover story). Contract Journal, 433(6577), 1. This article provides details of the dispute that emerged between Wembley National Stadiums CEO and Multiplex Contractors over the differences that occurred in the construction of the England stadium. The firm made arguments that it legitimately deserved time extensions. The Stadiums CEO insisted that according to the contract there were no allowances from financiers. Multiplex on the other hand insisted that the contract was adjustable. This article is important in the case study because it helps clarify the issues that emerged from the association between the two parties. References Arbouw, J., (2005). Multiplex over-arches. Company Director, 21(9), p.31 Contract Journal. (2006). Multiplex investigates Wembley rafter fault. (cover story). Contract Journal, 432(6567), 1. Harlow, C. (2005). Understanding tort law. London: Sweet Maxwell. Jefferies, M., Gameson, R. and Rowlinson, S., (2002). Critical success factors of the BOOT procurement system: reflections from the Stadium Australia case study. Engineering Construction and Architectural Management, 9(4), pp.352-361. McKendrick, E. Liu, Q. (2015). Contract Law: Australian Edition (pp. 1-560). Palgrave Macmillan. Tomasic, R., Bottomley, S., McQueen, R. (2002). Corporations law in Australia. Leichhardt, NSW: Federation Press. Pearman, R. (2006). Ex-Wembley chief in Multiplex swipe. (cover story). Contract Journal, 433(6577), 1. Qantas.com,(2016). Research, Plan, Book and Manage your Trip. Qantas.com. Retrieved 19 September 2016, from https://www.qantas.com/travel/airlines/home/za/en Qantas Airways Limited. (2015). Qantas Airways Limited MarketLine Company Profile, 1-26. Qantas Airways Limited SWOT Analysis. (2013). Qantas Airways SWOT Analysis, 1-8. Vickery, R. Flood, M. (2012). Australian business law. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia.

A Criticism of a Criticism of Oedipus Rex free essay sample

However, during his rule, Thebes is inflicted ith a curse that, according to Apollo, could only be lifted if the murderer of King Laius was found and persecuted. Oedipus then dedicates himself to the discovery and persecution of this alleged murderer. He questions a series of citizens, one of which was a blind prophet. This blind prophet, Teiresias, tells Oedipus that he, the current king of Thebes, was responsible for Laius murder at a crossroads. Oedipus, upon hearing this news, becomes bothered and begins questioning not only others, such as Creon, a messenger, and a shepherd that witnessed the murder, but also himself. Jocasta decides to accept this fate as truth and kills herself; while, shortly thereafter, Oedipus accepts the fate, as well, and gouges his eyes out, exiling himself from Thebes. Although generally accepted as a play of fate, many people have made criticisms against this claim. One critic in particular, Kurt Fasso, in his criticism Oedipus Crux, believes this fate was not truly Oedipus he Just accepts it as his own. We will write a custom essay sample on A Criticism of a Criticism of Oedipus Rex or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His criticism is valid, for it touches on points that do in fact prove his theory, in a single persuading and convincing piece, particularly concerning the discrepancies urrounding Laius death and the actual identity of the man that Oedipus killed. Fasso makes a point to prove that Oedipus did not kill King Laius at the crossroads; he may have only killed an ordinary old man. After a long argument with Creon, Oedipus became angered, for he was being accused for the murder of Laius. Jocasta proceeded to speak to him to see what was troubling him. It is during this point that Jocasta reveals the details surrounding the death of Laius. Being presented with the appearance attributed to Laius on the day of the murder, Fasso places emphasis on the plainness of the kings garb and carriage. He doubts that a king would be adorned in such a nondescript fashion. The carriage is described to be plain, (Sophocles, 755) with no royal markings at all. Being plain is unfit for a king even if he is apparently traveling incognito. This is especially true with Laius describing the purpose of their Journey as an embassy, a basis for diplomatic relations, not hiding. Therefore, this plain clothing and carriage could not be those of a king. Fasso goes on to bring to light that, rather than a regal staff, the supposed king was holding a two-pointed goad. (Sophocles, 809) This goad is used articularly to herd cattle. However, those of status tended to carry fine wooden staffs. Even Oedipus himself wielded a staff against his highway foes. Once again, this brings into question the true identity b hind this king. His point is very much valid and agreeable. A factor worth noting is that Jocasta describes the amount of servants accompanying Laius as being but five, (Sophocles, 753) contrary to what, according to Oedipus, would suit a prince. (Sophocles, 752) In matters of diplomacy, even if incognito, kings would, of course, need much protection, so as to avoid conflict and usurpation. It is rather foolish to risk the life of a king at the expense of his people. Such little protection and great risk, leads one to doubt whether the old man that Oedipus killed at the crossroads was even a king to begin with. With the identity of the king in question, one must also question the identity of his entourage the herald in particular. There was no indication that the man walking in front of the carriage was even a herald in the first place, as Oedipus and Jocasta had suggested. While Jocasta was recounting the report of Laius death to Oedipus, she made aware the company that followed the king. Oedipus then recounted his meeting at the crossroads. From the evidence provided, Fasso doubts that the herald was actually a herald. Oedipus makes no account of anything being said or heralded by the man in front of the carriage only that he wanted to thrust (Sophocles, 805) him out of the road by force. The herald made no attempt to order him to move out of the way. A herald is supposed to be a messenger, one that announces and proclaims decrees in a clear voice. He would, at least, respond with some verbal feedback. Therefore, other than by position, there is nothing that can truly warrant the heralds identity, ffirming the validity of Fassos point. Along with a lack of verbal proof, there was no visual proof as well. The man had no attire or representation that tied him to being a herald for royalty. Oedipus merely identified him as a herald, for he led the way. (Sophocles, 804) One can infer that since he identified the herald only by position, there was no other visible evidence that led him to that conclusion. Ergo, again, there is no way to prove the heralds identity, thus pointing back to the fact that the man he supposedly heralded for could not have been Laius. Along with iscrepancies in identities, there were also discrepancies surrounding the number of subjects that accompanied Laius. The narrated histories of Laius death, as told by Oedipus and Jocasta, do not meet, for differing amounts of people are mentioned. Amidst their recounting of Laius death, Oedipus and Jocasta told each other of the supposed number and identities of those that followed the king on his Journey. In his criticism, Fasso puts particular emphasis on the amount of people said by each person. Jocasta recalls there to be five or six people. However, Oedipus was only met y three people: a herald, the coachman, and an old man who was supposedly King Laius. Three people is not the same as five or six people. This major discrepancy leads to the inference that Laius may have been on a different carriage entirely. Oedipus said that he killed all (Sophocles, 813) of them, so, unless they were hiding, or Oedipus Just could not see them, it is unlikely that there could have been five or six people on the carriage that he encountered, showing that Fassos point is indeed valid. By the chance that there were indeed five or six persons, and the others fled fter Oedipus thought he killed them all, one could deduce that there would have been other witnesses to call upon pertaining to the murder, had Oedipus listened to the original number of people said by Jocasta. Therefore, this could not be the case, for the shepherd was the only witness called. The concept of fate in Oedipus Rex is otten a concept that governs the readers interpretations ot events. There are, however, many critics, such as Kurt Fasso, that dismiss this concept, and remain open toward all possibilities, contesting fates role in the story.

Critical Thinking Essays - Thought, Epistemology, Free Essays

Critical Thinking Essays - Thought, Epistemology, Free Essays Critical Thinking Critical thinking would be important to the well being of our society for many reasons except for the fact that hardly anyone ever uses it. If people used critical thinking all the time society would be a very different place. People would actually think about what they were going to say and what it means before they said it. It would prevent a lot of conflict because people would stop themselves from saying ignorant and offensive things. Also people would not be as easily influenced by the media and other peoples opinions because they would think about the message behind them. Society as a whole is so quick to believe what the media and/or people of authority have to say that they hardly ever take the time to consider other options. People would be much more likely to form their own opinions and stick to them with information and facts to back it up. I think that people in society would get along better if they took the time to use critical thinking. Even though almost nothing but positive things would come out of everyone thinking critically it will never happen because of the way society is. People are much more likely to follow someone elses opinion then to take the time to come up with their own.

Free trade or protectionism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Free trade or protectionism - Essay Example With the current world moving more and more towards capitalism, even the so called socialist countries like China have adopted free trade practices in recent times. However, no system is perfect and has its own pitfalls. Thus, protectionist measures have to be taken to balance the threats posed by negative fallouts of free trade. It is analogous to an institution encouraging creativity and enterprise by delegating authority and responsibility but ensuring accountability as well through certain disciplinary arrangements. Thus there is a need to identify a current world trading system that is the most appropriate and find a balanced view from the ongoing debate between Free trade and protectionism. As a means to achieve peace and prosperity in the world, the concept of free trade has been the most internationally discussed and acted upon topic and area of research. The topic is relevant not just academically, but economically and politically as well. Both views to and for free trade have found some or the other form of hypothetical or empirical basis. Besides being intellectually stimulating, the topic finds itself high in relevance in international as well as domestic affairs. Thus there exists sufficient, academic, moral and ethical motivation to pursue research on the topic. To find sufficient basis for the relevance of the ongoing nature of the debate between free trade and protectionism based on the hypotheses that debate between free trade and protectionism is essentially of an ongoing nature and will continue to be so, since the world socio-economic and political arrangements are becoming increasingly dynamic and keep changing at an increasingly faster pace. To examine the relationship between various international and domestic factors that shape up the direction in which the free trade policy of a nation or group of nations moves, based on the premise that in order to understand the nature

Cloud Computing Service Models Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Cloud Computing Service Models - Assignment Example Likewise, the services provided over the Internet are referred as (Software as a Service) ‘SaaS’. There are few sellers who use the term (Infrastructure as a service) ‘IaaS’ and (Platform as a service) ‘PaaS’ in order to demonstrate their products and services. However, these terms are avoided and not accepted globally, due to variation. The Commerce Department’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have illustrated some helpful definitions that focus on three concepts (Reese 2009): Cloud infrastructure as a service ‘IaaS’ consists of provisioning elementary computing resources. Cloud software as a service ‘SaaS’ access software application that operates on a cloud infrastructure. Cloud platform as a service (PaaS) provides the accessibility to users for implementing and developing applications with programming language and tools supported by the providers. The core components of a cloud consist of the data center hardware and software. When these resources are publicly available, they are referred as public clouds and the service provided by the cloud is called as utility computing. Moreover, private clouds are only available to private organizations and are not accessible by the public. Accordingly, cloud computing is the combination of ‘SaaS’ and utility computing (ARMBRUST, FOX et al. 2010). There are three service models for cloud computing i.e. infrastructure as a service, platform as a service and software as a service (Wilshusen 2011). Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is comprised of three components i.e. software, platform and infrastructure. Organizations only provide software and platform and infrastructure is provided by a third party cloud computing vendor. The second service models i.e. platform as a service (PaaS) also comprises of three components i.e. software, platform and infrastructure. Organizations only provide a software or application that will be executed on the third party or the vendor’s platform and infrastructure. The third service model also includes the similar three components as mentioned before and called as software as a service (SaaS). Organizations only utilize the services provided by the vendors in terms of applications that can be accessed by the Internet. All the three components i.e. software, platform and infrastructure are the property of the vendor (Wilshusen 2011). In figure 1.1, cloud deployment models are demonstrated Figure 1.1 (Retreived from :Wilshusen, G. C. (2011). INFORMATION SECURITY: Additional guidance needed to address cloud computing concerns. GAO Reports, , 1.) Cloud computing four service models are shown in Fig 1.2 Figure 1.2 (Retreived from :Wilshusen, G. C. (2011). INFORMATION SECURITY: Additional guidance needed to address cloud computing concerns. GAO Reports, , 1.) ‘Business Cloud’ must choose the relevant client model, as it will be proportional to t he business or customer requirements and may differ from organization to organization and business types. The first service model is called as the ‘Private Cloud’. A private cloud is solely a property of the organization i.e. software, platform and infrastructure is the property of the organization (Wilshusen 2011). The second service model is called as the community cloud that is accessible to several organizations that may be

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Optical Fibers

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Optical Fibers A light travels in straight lines as we know it is highly impossible to make it follow a curved path to glimmer around corners. In 1970s there was a great improvement and faster growing in fibre optics communications. The main idea of light in communication system is evolved from simple signal fires and lamps. Claude chappe has a first modern attempt in optical telegraph built in the 1790s.The first problem was alleviated with the advent of semiconductor age, the semiconductor laser invented by Theodore maiman in 1962 LED(light emitted diode) is improved in optical fibre which solved the problem o0f passing light through air. The communications through optical fibre was proposed in 1966 by Charles Kao and Charles Hockham of the standard telecommunication laboratory in England. In the past few decades many technologies are introduced among them optical fibre communication is the best communication system. The main components of optical fibre are core, cladding and coating. The main duty of core is, it carries a light from transmitter to receiver. Core: It is a smallest part in optical fibre communication system. It is very delicate optical fibre cable Generally it is made up of plastic or glass. The core made up with glass is mixed with pure silicon dioxide other impurities like germanium or phosphorous. These impurities are added to improve the refractive index at certain conditions The range of glass core is from 3.7 µ to 200 µ. 1.48 is the refractive index of core The core made with plastic is larger than glass. Cladding: It is the protective and surrounded layer of core. It provides the low reflective index. In glass cladding the core and cladding is made with same material Different quantity of impurities is added to both core and cladding in order to make a difference in refractive index among them is about 1%. 1.46 is the refractive index of cladding 125 µ and 140 µ are the standard cladding diameters Coating: This is the main protective layer for the entire optical fibre. It protects the optical fibre from shocks and other external damages. Coating has an outside diameter of either 250 µ or 500 µ. Coating is colour less but to identify the coating in some applications it is coloured. 2) Advantages of Fiber optics: The band width of optical fibre is very high when compared with other communications. To increase band width in fibre optics is very easy. Data transmission is very fast in fibre optics. We can transmit data to longer distances without any noise. It is very difficult to tap the information because it is much secured. 3) Disadvantages of Fiber optics: Installation of fibre optics is very cost. When we face any problem with fibre optics we require special test equipment. Communication with fiber optic cable is more cost when compared with different broad band connection costs. In rural areas fiber optic communications are very less, in these days this is one of the main disadvantage of fiber optic. 4) Fibre Optic Losses: Due to bending and breaking of optical fibre cables losses are occurred in fibre optics. Mainly there are two types. Intrinsic losses. Extrinsic losses. 4.1) Intrinsic losses: A slight variation from one fibre to another fibre even manufactured with in specified tolerances. Losses are occurred by these variations. In Intrinsic losses there are four types of losses. They are NA (Numerical Aperture) mismatch losses. Core diameters mismatch losses. Concentric mismatch losses. Elliptical mismatch losses. Cladding diameter mismatch loss. 1) NA (Numerical Aperture) mismatches losses: If there are two optical fibres are repaired we are connecting them with splices during this connection mismatches are occurred because the cone of acceptance in the receiving fiber cannot gather the complete light emitted by the transmitting fiber. This means the light is not travelling completely. This mismatch loss is known as numerical aperture mismatch loss. 2) Core diameter mismatch losses: The difference between the core diameters is the reason of this loss. When the transmitting core greater than the receiving core or transmitting core is lesser than the receiving core light is not completely travelling. This type of mismatch is called as Core diameter mismatch losses. 3) Concentric mismatch losses: In ideal conditions the core the core and cladding are concentric, that means a single geometric centre is shared between them. The fibre core is likely to be offset by a slight amount from the cladding centre. In fiber cores when the transmitting and receiving are non concentric. They will not meet exactly and the light coming from the transmitting fiber is lost. 4) Elliptical mismatch losses: If the fiber cores not the perfectly circular and fiber cores and cladding are not perfectly concentric this types of losses are occurred. The transmitting optical fiber core is not match with receiver core. 5) Cladding diameter mismatch loss. If the diameter of the cladding are not same on the both fiber optics. This type of mismatch is occurred. This means the transmitter light is not completely sending to receiver core. 4.2) Extrinsic losses: Generally in an ideal optical fibre the cores are centred on each other they are placed at 90 degrees angle to their faces. The ends should be in firm contact. Any miss arrangement in these conditions can cause some loses in the signal. There are three types of extrinsic losses. Lateral displacement. End separation. Angular misalignment. 1) Lateral displacement: If the centres of core of two optical fibers are do not match this loss may occur. If the displacement increases less light from the transmitting fiber makes its way into the receiving fibre. A little amount of displacement is acceptable in larger fibers because the majority of the core s surface area is still in contact. In smaller fibers a slight offset can place the centre of the transmitting core entirely outside of the receiver core. 2) End Separation: The end separation loss is due to Fresnel reflection, it takes place when the light passes from fiber refractive index into the air and vice versa. In refractive index each and every change causes an amount of reflected light and therefore the loss is occurred. 3) Angular Misalignment: The optical signal will suffer from these losses when the fibers meet an angle. The solution for this loss is to arrange the fibre end properly that the both ends are in the same line during splicing. 4.3) Major causes of losses: Absorption loss. Scattering loss. Linear scattering losses. Non Linear scattering losses. Coupler losses. Insertion losses. Reflection losses. Impurity losses. Macro bending and micro bending losses. Packing fraction loss. Absorption loss : Absorption loss is occurred by the impurities in the fiber it self such as water and metals. Material absorption losses: Material absorption losses are occurred by absorption of photons within the fiber these losses represent a fundamental minimum to the attainable loss. Intrinsic absorption losses: Interaction with more than one component with glass leads to the intrinsic absorption loss. Scattering loss: I couples energy guided to radiation modes which causes the energy losses from the fiber. If there is a core diameter irregularity in fiber access direction also a reason of scattering losses. Linear Scattering loss: The quantity of light power is transferred from wave is directly proportional to the power in the wave it also causes by inhomogeneties in the glass when the size of it smaller than wave length. Non linear scattering loss: If the electric field with in the fiber has high values then it leads to the presence of non linear scattering ,it also causes when significant power is scattered in all the directions. Coupler loss: The fiber optics coupler are active or passive devices the coupling loss in optical fiber is defined as, = output power =inputpower Connection losses increased by fiber to fiber connection due to the following sources of intrinsic and extrinsic. Mainly we have four types coupling losses 1.Reflectionlosses. 2.Fiber separation. 3.Fiber misalignment. 4.Fiber mismatch Insertion losses: Insertion losses are combination of coupling loss and additional fibre losses. If joints of fiber can increased the attenuation of fibre this is done in multimode operation. Fiber joints can leads to the second order mode in single mode fiber. Reflection losses: Light waves of reflection and transmission occur because frequency do not match the natural resonant frequencies of vibration of object. Impurity losses: The first source of impurities material in glass fibre is metallic ions, the loss due to this reduces the contribution below 1DB/KM. Macro and microbending losses: These loss may occur due to sharp bend in fibre, to produce high losses a short length of optical fibre is to be bend, as tight as the fibre optic the losses are worst. The major problem in macro losses is in the hands of the installer.The losses in micro bends is same as the macro bands but it just differs in the size and cause. The radius is equal or less then the diameter the outer layer will shrink and get shorter when the fibre is too cold, fibre optic cables are available with a range of temperatures from C to C. Macrobend Microbend Packing fractin losses: Single emitter sometimes uses a bundle of fibres, if claddings are in contacts many fibres are packed together. Large area source can match a large bundle in order to eliminate area mismatch loss. Small sources can emit less like than the larger once , in single fibre larger one has more power to couple into a bundle than into a single fibre. Fibre optic as a sensor: Sensor provide link to interface between the electronic units and physical world the sensor can detect physical and chemical qualities such as temperature, pressure, vibration, flow , acceleration, proximity,and chemical concentrations. A basic sensor is made upof a light source(laser or led), a length of fibre and optical detector. Fibre optic itself acts as a sensor by varying he intensity of light these measurements are done. Only the source and the detector is required in the sensors hence it is very simpler. Based on the performance characteristics there are four different types of sensors they are 1. Extrinsic sensors. 2. Intrinsic sensors. 3. Fibre bragg grating (FBG sensors). 4. Long period grating sensor. Extrinsic sensor: In extrinsic sensors the outside part of the fibre undergoes to the sensing effect. The fibre acts as a collection system in light delivery. For example a chemical sensor utilizes a sensitive material on the tip, light is passà © through the fibre and reflected back. In the chemical solution as the concentration changes the tip properties may change and the reflection of the light also changes which gives the measure of chemical concentration. Intrinsic sensor: In intrinsic sensor the changes takes place within the fibre. The change is outside the fibre and the fibre remains unchanged when the intrinsic sensor is in contract to extrinsic sensors. For example when a fibre with ruff surfaces is placed between two plates, the fibre is pressed by the plates when the pressure increases the attenuation of the fibre increases due to this. Bend and micro bend sensor: Bent in a optical fibre leads to a portion of propagating light beam along the bend is incident at angles must be smaller than the critical angle by which attenuation, this can be used for sensing measure load and stream are found by this mechanism, lose of power occurs if any load lead to a bending of fibre. This measure gives the distribution of strain and load with the use of lost power. A series of random bends and small bends along the fibre is known a micro bending. It acts as a coupling between cladding and core modes in a single mode fibre and between multimode fibre. Fibre bragg grating(FBG Sensor): TO MEASURE TEMPERATURE AND STRAIN: To measure sensing mechanical strain, temperature and acceleration we use FBG sensors. Parameters that changes any of these results in a change in reflected wavelength, these changes when measured, sensing or external perturbations can be done. Long period grating sensor: Periodic perturbations along the length of the fibre with periods greater than hundred micro meters which includes coupling between the light propagating in core and cladding is long period grating. Cladding code influence the power transmitter through the fibre used to find the refractive index when there is any change in the medium around the fibre. Interferometric sensors: # In this the light is transmitted through to fibres. one of them (reference arm) isolated from environment and its properties are constant. And another fibre (measure arm) is exposed to parameter during sensing. The face of the light is changed by the parameters. The interferometric sensors has the greatest sensitivity and it has highest performance capabilities. The Interferometric sensor. ( John F.R, 1997, pp-543). ADVANTAGES OF FIBRE OPTICS SENSORS: It allows an access to normally inaccessible areas of interest. It is an non-electrical. Due to small size and less weight of the sensors it effective in cost. It has high sensitivity. It has high reliability. It is very easy to install. Transmitter: Transmitter converts electrical signal into light signal. It has two functions Light emitter Regulator Light emitter: It works as a soirce of light coupled into optical cable. Regulator: It modulates the light to represent the binary data. Light emitting diode: The transmitter are directly modulate when the drive current passed through the LED is varied. The power is directly proportional to the current flowing in the LED. According to the applications the drive currents is measured. The drive current is switched on and off in digital applications. And the current is varied in Analog application. The LED transmitter is packed with the receiver since the space is reduced and simplifies the circuit designing which reduces the cost. Characteristics of the LED: Recommended operating conditions. Electrical characteristics Optical characteristics Data rate Recommended operating conditions: It describe the temperature and voltage ranges that device can operate in without damage. Without any fluctuations the maximum and minimum operating temperatures can be measured. Electrical characteristics: It describes.. the required supply current Data output voltages Signal detect output voltages Rise fall times Optical characteristics: It includes Minimum optical input power Maxcimum optical input power Operating wavelength

Attitudes to Language Essay

Language clearly plays a major role in all aspects of society. The most obvious is its social role of allowing people to relate to each other in all facets of their lives: to share information, emotions and ways of life. We use language as a means of navigating our daily lives and it plays an integral role in most of our interactions. Perhaps for this reason, French is regarded as an elegant and romantic language, while German is considered to be guttural. Additionally, ever since mankind evolved into different language communities, it is commonplace for people to adopt various attitudes towards the language(s) spoken by others, as well as towards the dialects of the language they speak. These attitudes are motivated by different factors, including pride in or shame regarding one’s own language, confidence or embarrassment about how one sounds, nationalism and a sense of personal dignity, one’s status and values as well as the prestige some languages are given in international interactions. A well known attitude is the desire for foreign speech patterns; another is the rejection of certain dialects. People form impressions of your personality, emotional state, geographic origin, education, experiences, age or socioeconomic status from the language you use and the way you use it. We often witness the amusement of an audience when someone speaks in the creole, for not only does the system of sound evoke laughter, but the assumption that the speaker is an uneducated serf is then made. Ridicule and contempt for the vernacular, creoles and dialects are common responses from some members of society, even within the Caribbean society, where dialects are rich, strong and the first language. Dialects develop under various circumstances as well as geographical locations and are varieties of languages. A creole could be a dialect within a language. Because of our history, people of the region tend to place a high premium on the standard languages (the language of power and economic might). Many  people believe that upward mobility is largely dependent on one’s ability to fit in with the predominant socioeconomic class, and language is the main signifier of this fit. Many Caribbean writers have described scenarios of people who went overseas, were generally expected to return with a new command of the target language and often demonstrated their new found ‘status’ by emphasizing their foreign accent of ‘twang’. While some might be impress ed by the ‘twang’, others view such pretensions with derision. Attitudes to language may vary from one sector of the society to another and some people demonstrate self-conscious behavior when speaking the standard language. This is largely a result of the fact that in most societies one is often judged on the basis of the variety of language that one speaks. This is even more prevalent in societies with a colonial legacy, like the Caribbean, where certain dialects are associated with the institution of slavery or conquest. Increasingly, educators are becoming aware that a person’s native language is an integral part of who that person is and marginalizing the language can have severe damaging effects on that person’s psyche. Many linguists consistently make a case for teaching native languages alongside the target languages so that children can clearly differentiate among the codes ( a term used synonymously with language or dialect but generally refers to a linguistic system of communication. A code can also be non-linguistic such as a dress code or code of conduct) and hence be less likely to mix the two. This approach has been adopted in Haiti, where schools teach both Standard French and French Creole (Haitian) and children are expected to be fluent in both. Additional prominence has been given to Caribbean Creoles with the publication of Creole dictionaries and with the translation of the New Testament from the Christian Bible into French Creole in St. Lucia. A similar project is under way in Jamaica. While attitudes to local dialects have been slowly changing, many people still associate the use of Creole with negative images and believe that its use should be relegated to specific circumstances and occasions. However, the fact that non-standard language varieties are the most widely spoken in the Caribbean makes them the choice of persons trying to get information to large sections of the society. For example, many advertisers use the Creole language to ensure that their message appeals to most people. At the same time, because of the prestige attached to the standard language, it tends to be the language of choice on formal occasions, like church services. A language variety is usually chosen because of its perceived social functions. You may have noticed that, the more formal the occasion, the more likely the use of the standard language, while for everyday interaction, popular music or emotional appeals, people tend to gravitate towards the non-standard varieties. You would have noticed that, even in a formal situation, non-standard dialect might be used for anecdotes, to inject humour or in a quotation. In the Caribbean, people switching from one code of language to another, often without thinking. However, there are times when the use of standard langue would seem totally out of place and would even interfere with semantics. For example, folk stories, folk songs and proverbs seem to lose a certain essence when translated into standard. The role of language as a vehicle for sharing culture is indisputable. Caribbean writers, singers and oral poets have played a major part in fostering acceptance of the Creole languages of the region, by incorporating them into their work and exposing them to the world. Nonetheless, negative attitudes to these languages persist in the minds of many.

Meteorological Modeling In Klang Valley Region Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay

It has been widely known that alterations of the land surface from flora country to urban country can well impact the environing meteoric status. Meteorologic theoretical account was used to measure meteoric status for air quality mold and prediction. One of the inputs for the meteoric and air quality theoretical account is land usage and land screen of the terrain. In this survey, we examined the sensitiveness of land usage and land screen on the predicted meteoric conditions. A meteoric simulation utilizing 5th coevals mesoscale theoretical account ( MM5 ) by Penn State/NCAR was used to compare the effects of land usage from two different old ages on meteoric status. The predicted meteoric conditions are so compared with the several monitoring station onsite. Consequences showed improved of surface wind velocity and temperature simulated utilizing improved land usage map. Findingss suggest land usage map should be taking into consideration in historical meteoric Fieldss to entree f uture air quality if the country of survey expects big alterations in land usage form. Keywords: Meteorologic mold ; Land usage ; MM5 ; Urban. Introduction It has been widely known that alterations of the land surface from flora country to urban country can well impact the environing meteoric status. Urbanization of an country could take to alterations of meteoric parametric quantities such as boundary bed deepness, perpendicular diffusivity, wind stableness category, etc. These meteoric parametric quantities played an of import function in most of the air quality theoretical accounts that predicts the concentration at each grid. Harmonizing to Jacobson ( 2002 ) , one of the factors that affect air pollution is the local air current which ensuing from uneven land warming, variable topography and others. In another word, different land usage type may take to uneven land warming, because land screen affects ground temperature, which affects pollutant concentration finally ( Jacobson, 2002 ) . Meteorologic and air quality theoretical accounts require land usage and surface feature that differ by their land usage and land screen forms ( Civ erolo et. at. , 2000 ) . Another survey carried out by Jazcilevich et Al. ( 2002 ) suggested that alterations of the land usage type could impact its environing meteoric status and scattering of air pollutant. Much of the current apprehension of the urban clime and meteoric status in Malaysia resulted from the research on Kuala Lumpur and Petaling Jaya country begins from 1970s ( Sham, 1973a, 1973b, 1979a, 1979b and 1987 ) . These researches focused on the description of the climatology and meteoric facet such as air current and temperature parametric quantities associated with urban heat island. The meteoric facets of the Kuala Lumpur and the environing metropoliss may alter due to the change of land usage and land screen by urbanisation and development of the metropolis. However, no survey had been done to entree the meteoric status of Klang Valley part with current land usage and land screen. The meteoric theoretical account used in this survey was the Fifth Generation Mesoscale Model ( MM5 ) from PSU/NCAR ( Grell et al. , 1994 ) . In this theoretical account the land usage was simulated from the planetary flora dataset from USGS which available at 1 grade, 30 min, 10 min, 5 min, and 30 unsweet declaration. However, the informations were derived from satellite observations over a period 1992-3 and the flora classs were out of day of the month and non relevant to the country of survey. The aim of the survey is to find to the effects of the land usage and land screen alterations on the meteoric mold system. Land usage map of twelvemonth 2000 obtain from the Town and Country Planning Department ( JPBD ) will be used to better 1992-3 USGS land usage dataset. The Modeling System PSU/NCAR Fifth Generation Mesoscale Model ( MM5 ) was selected as the meteoric simulation patterning system in this survey. The MM5 theoretical account is non-hydrostatic with terrain following co-ordinates, multi-scale, capable of interface with existent conditions prognosis theoretical accounts ( Global Circulation Model ) , contains expressed cloud strategies and dirt parameterization. MM5 is widely used by the meteoric community and its end product could be coupled together with the Sparse Matrix Operation Kernel Emission ( SMOKE ) theoretical account and Community Multiscale Air Quality ( CMAQ ) theoretical account to imitate the scattering of the air pollutants that take in considerations of the meteoric Fieldss and emanation beginnings. MRF Planetary Boundary Layer ( PBL ) parameterization strategy was selected in this survey. The 4-dimensional informations assimilation ( FDDA ) option was non used was selected in this survey because the purpose of the survey is to analyze the effects of modified land usage on the theoretical account end product. For inputs of informations, land usage datasets from USGS will be used as the default land usage, and land usage map from Town and Country Planning Department as the improved land usage and NCEP FNL ( Final ) Operational Global Analysis information was used in this survey. Domain Setup Four spheres are used as shown in Figure 1 for this survey. The female parent sphere with the declaration 27km covers the most of the Peninsular Malaysia ; 2nd sphere with the 9km declaration screens Selangor province ; 3rd sphere with 3km declaration screens ; finest sphere with 1km declaration will covers the survey country which is Klang Valley. Figure 1: MM5 domain apparatus. Processing of Land Use and Land Cover In the MM5 mold system, each grid cell was assigned one land usage based on the dominant class in the grid cell. 24 classs of Vegetation type by USGS was used in categorization of land usage in MM5. Each land usage categories consists of six surface parameterization, which includes, reflective power, wet handiness, emissitivity at 9 A µm, raggedness length, thermic inactiveness, and surface heat capacity per unit volume giving together with the MM5 theoretical account. Since Malaysia is a tropical state, summertime values are used. Out of 24 land usage types in the MM5 theoretical account ( Guo and Chen, 1994 ) , 14 classs was used to to the full depict the full sphere ( Figure 2 ) , with 22 % classified as H2O organic structures, 0.4 % as urban country and the largest non water-based class is Irrigated Cropland and Pasture ( 39 % ) in sphere 3 and as for sphere 4, 10 % classified as H2O organic structures, 1 % as urban country and the largest non water-based class besides class is Irrigated Cropland and Pasture ( 37 % ) ( Table 1 ) . Figure 2: USGS land usage dataset sphere 3 and domain 4. Since the Land usage dataset from USGS was generated from the twelvemonth 1992/3 orbiter image, the development of the Klang Valley country for the past 15 old ages decidedly changed the land usage and land screen of the survey country. To better the land usage type, updated land usage map from the Town and Country Planning Department was referred in this survey. The updated land usage map was preprocessed from polygon to gridded land usage map based on the categorization of the 24 USGS land usage classs ( Figure 3 ) .The per centum differences of the land usage between the default land usage and the update land usage are shown in ( Table 1 ) . Table 1: Percentage of landuse class for USGS and JPBD land usage Domain 3 and Domain 4. Land usage codification Land usage class USGS Land usage Domain 3 ( % ) USGS Land usage Domain 4 ( % ) JPBD Land usage Domain 3 ( % ) JPBD Land usage Domain 4 ( % ) 1 Urban and Built -Up Area 0.4 1.0 25.1 40.6 2 Dryland Cropland and Pasture 12.1 17.0 0.0 0.0 3 Irrigated Cropland and Pasture 40.2 37.4 0.0 0.0 4 Mixed Dryland/Irrigated Cropland and Pasture 0.0 0.0 20.4 28.0 5 Cropland/Grassland Mosaic 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 6 Cropland/Woodland Mosaic 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 7 Grassland 0.7 1.7 0.0 0.0 8 Shrubland 3.7 7.6 0.0 0.0 10 Savanna 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 11 Deciduous Broadleaf Forest 13.4 16.5 0.0 0.0 13 Evergreen Broadleaf Forest 2.8 1.1 0.0 0.0 14 Evergreen Needleleaf Forest 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 15 Assorted Forest 2.7 5.3 34.4 25.0 16 Water Bodies 22.4 10.3 17.8 6.5 Figure 3: Gridded JPBD land usage in 3km and 1km declaration. An ASCII type of input file was generated based on the reclassified land usage map into specific format. This ASCII file contains column, row, land usage type, latitude, longitude, flora fraction, and H2O fraction ( Figure 4 ) . Figure 4: Example of ASCII format input. The FORTRAN codification named â€Å" replace_lulc.f † is used to replace the land usage type, flora fraction and H2O fraction in the TERRAIN_DOMAINx file based on the co-ordinates of the reclassified grid cells and the several land usage type, and other parametric quantities provided in the ASCII file. The FORTRAN codification is compiled utilizing run book â€Å" run.replace † which besides determines the input and end product files to treat, and parametric quantities to be updated ( Figure 5 ) . Figure 5: Example of run.replace book. MM5 Simulation Results MM5 simulation was performed from 1st July 2005 ( 18:00 ) to 3rd July 2005 ( 17:00 ) with entire simulation clip 48 hours utilizing USGS flora dataset for 27km, 9km, 3km and 1km spheres as base instance. The 3km and 1km sphere will be compared with the end product of MM5 simulation using JPBD land usage dataset during for same period. All the physical options used were indistinguishable for both simulations. Observation from the Continuous Air Quality Monitoring ( CAQM ) station from Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. ( ASMA ) and Malayan Meteorological Department ( MMD ) was used to formalize MM5 public presentation from the both USGS and improved land usage dataset. Three CAQM site was selected to formalize the MM5 public presentation, which are the monitoring station in Klang and Shah Alam that maintained by ASMA and supervising station in Subang that operated by MMD. The simulations that utilized USGS land usage dataset showed overestimate of the air current velocity and produces sudden extremum at certain hr in the simulation. The improved land usage dataset utilizing JPBD land usage informations reduces the air current velocity and frequence of the sudden extremum, yet still over estimated the overall air current velocity compared to the observation informations ( Figure 6 ) . However, the improved land usage dataset utilizing JPBD do increase the correlativity between the ascertained air current velocity and simulated air currents velocity from all CAQM site ( Table 2 ) . The lowered air current velocity due to the improved land usage informations set could take to increased stableness and decreased perpendicular commixture. This could increase the air pollution concentration in certain country. The temperature profile simulated by both utilizing USGS and JPBD land usage dataset able to imitate the afternoon temperature near surface when comparison with the onsite observation temperature informations. However, both USGS and JPBD land usage dataset tends to overrate the temperature near surface during the dark ( Figure 7 ) . The correlativity between ascertained temperature and fake temperature somewhat increases when use JPBD land usage dataset in the simulation for the all monitoring site ( Table 2 ) . The consequences suggest that improved land usage dataset utilizing JPBD land usage dataset could better the overall simulation consequence ( Table 2 ) . The alterations of the meteoric parametric quantities could impact scattering of air pollutant, energy demand that could impact anthropogenetic emanations. The alterations of the MM5 end product could besides impact the computation of the air pollution patterning package such as CMAQ. Figure 6: Time series comparing of windspeed at 1km sphere for Shah Alam. Figure 7: Time series comparing of 1.5m temperature at 1km sphere for Shah Alam. Figure 8: Correlation between observed and predicted informations at Shah Alam. Table 2: Summary of correlativity between observed and predicted informations for all the location. Parameter Sphere Monitoring Station Klang, ASMA Shah Alam, ASMA Subang, MMD Wind speed 10m Domain 3 USGS 0.034 0.082 0.176 Domain 3 JPBD 0.311 0.318 0.214 Domain 4 USGS 0.015 0.083 0.169 Domain 4 JPBD 0.277 0.273 0.254 Temperature 1.5m Domain 3 USGS 0.673 0.672 0.410 Domain 3 JPBD 0.774 0.788 0.537 Domain 4 USGS 0.666 0.657 0.411 Domain 4 JPBD 0.790 0.759 0.544 Discussion The land usage is merely one of many factors that take in consideration by the meteoric mold system. The consequences showed betterment of the fake air current velocity and temperature near surface. The public presentation of the MM5 on simulation could be improved by modifying the MM5 physical options and strategies depending on the declaration and location of the survey country. Since the land usage and land screen alterations affects the close surface meteorological, it should be included as one of the cardinal factors in the air pollution patterning particularly future air quality scenario. The alterations of the temperature that lead by land usage could increase downwind, and potentially affects the air quality simulation. The alterations of the air current velocity besides affect the dispersion of air pollutants and blending in the ambiance, alterations of the air pollutant concentration are expected. Changing in the land usage and land screen forms due to the urban conurbation, altering of agricultural forms, forestation and deforestation are expected to affects to landscape. The change of landscape will take to alterations in population, energy ingestion, anthropogenetic and biogenic emanations. The consequences suggested that land usage should be taken into consideration when utilizing air quality calculating theoretical account to predicts and measure the air quality. Recognition The writers thank the Ministry of Science and Technology ( MOSTI ) Malaysia for back uping this research, under undertaking no. 04-01-04-SF0674. We besides thank Department of Environment ( DOE ) Malaysia, Malaysian Meteorological Department ( MMD ) and Town and Planning Department ( JPBD ) Malaysia for informations providing. The Positions expressed by the authours do non neccesarily reflect those of the bureau.

A Brief Note On The War Of 1812 - 946 Words

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